Die Verfassung der Republik Peru ( spanisch : Constitución Política del Perú ; Südquechua : Perú Suyu Hatun Kamay Pirwa 1993 ) [ 1 ] ist das oberste Gesetz Perus . Die aktuelle Verfassung, die am 31. Dezember 1993 in Kraft trat, ist die fünfte Verfassung Perus im 20. Jahrhundert und ersetzte die Verfassung von 1979. [ 2 ] Sie wurde vom Demokratischen Verfassungskongress (Constitución Constitución Constitución, CCD) entworfen, der von Präsident Alberto Fujimori während der peruanischen Verfassungskrise von 1992 einberufen wurde . Diese Krise folgte auf Fujimoris Putsch und die Auflösung des Kongresses im selben Jahr. Die Verfassung wurde am 29. Dezember 1993 verkündet. Der CCD wurde 1992 gewählt, und der endgültige Text wurde 1993 in einem Referendum angenommen . Die Verfassung wurde im Wesentlichen von Fujimori und seinen Anhängern ohne Beteiligung der Opposition erarbeitet. [ 3 ]

Die peruanische Verfassung von 1993 unterschied sich ursprünglich von der Verfassung von 1979 dadurch, dass sie dem Präsidenten mehr Macht einräumte. So erlaubte sie beispielsweise die Wiederwahl, reduzierte den Zweikammerkongress mit 240 Mitgliedern auf einen Einkammerkongress mit 120 Mitgliedern [ 4 ] , bestätigte nicht nur das in der Verfassung von 1979 verankerte Vetorecht des Präsidenten , sondern gab ihm auch das Recht auf ein Einzelposten-Veto und schrieb vor, dass alle Steuergesetze vorab vom Wirtschafts- und Finanzministerium genehmigt werden müssen . Während die Verfassung von 1979 dem Präsidenten die Auflösung des Kongresses nach drei Rügen gegen den Premierminister erlaubte, gestattet die Verfassung von 1993 dies bereits nach zwei Rügen. Die Verfassung erlaubt dem Präsidenten, Gesetze per Dekret zu erlassen, sofern er den Kongress zuvor über seine Absicht informiert. Löst der Präsident den Kongress auf, so ermächtigt die Verfassung diesen, bis zur Wahl eines neuen Kongresses innerhalb von vier Monaten zu regieren. Während dieser Zeit bleibt der Ständige Ausschuss des aufgelösten Kongresses funktionsfähig. Nach der Absetzung von Präsident Alberto Fujimori wurde die Verfassung geändert, um eine sofortige Wiederwahl des Präsidenten zu untersagen – ein Status quo, der seit der Weltwirtschaftskrise größtenteils galt. Nachfolgende Verfassungsänderungen, Gesetze des Kongresses und Urteile des Verfassungsgerichts haben die Regeln der Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Regierungszweigen weiter verändert.

To December 2024, the current Constitution of Peru had been subject to 30 amendments since 1995, most of which had been approved by Congress supermajority votes, and just 3 of those amendments had been ratified by a 2018 referendum. Since the 2020 Peruvian protests, calls for the creation of a constituent assembly have been made in Peru,[5] with the majority of Peruvians showing approval of a new constitution in 2023.[6]

History

Peru has had twelve constitutions (1823, 1826, 1828, 1834, 1839, 1856, 1860, 1867, 1920, 1933, 1979 and 1993), four provisional statutes (1821, 1855, 1879 and 1883) and one confederate constitution during Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1837).[7]

1823 Constitution

The Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic (Spanish: Constitución Política de la República Peruana) was written by the first Constituent Congress of Peru and promulgated by President José Bernardo de Tagle on November 12, 1823. It was almost completely suspended in order to allow Simón Bolívar's campaign to be planned carefully. It was re-established on June 11, 1827, and abolished the next year.

1826 Constitution

The Constitution for the Peruvian Republic (Spanish: Constitución para la República Peruana), also known as the Lifetime Constitution (Spanish: Constitución Vitalicia) was written by Simón Bolívar and promulgated by a government council led by Andrés de Santa Cruz. It was similar to the Bolivian constitution, and a planned Colombian constitution, with the three countries being part of Bolívar's intent to establish a Federation in South America. The anti-Bolivarian sentiment that erupted in Peru at the time suspended the constitution after 49 days, with the 1823 constitution being re-established the next year.

1828 Constitution

The Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic (Spanish: Constitución Política de la República Peruana) was promulgated on March 18, 1828, by President José de la Mar. Despite its short duration, its importance lies in the fact that it laid the constitutional foundations of Peru, serving as a model for the following constitutions, for almost a century.

1834 Constitution

The Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic (Spanish: Constitución Política de la República Peruana) was approved by the National Convention in Lima and promulgated on June 10, 1834, by provisional president Luis José de Orbegoso. This document legally paved the way for the federation of Peru with Bolivia, and was soon abolished due to the establishment of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, which itself established two constitutions for its constituent countries of North Peru and South Peru.

1836 Constitutions

After political instability in Peru and a coup d'état in 1835, a civil war broke out between newly self-declared president Felipe Santiago Salaverry and constitutional president Luis José de Orbegoso, who allowed Bolivian president Andrés de Santa Cruz to send his troops through the Peruvian border.[8] After the latter's triumph in 1836, assemblies were soon established to make way for the creation of the Confederation, an idea that had been floating around since the era of independence.

In Peru, two assemblies were convened: the Sicuani Assembly, which established South Peru,[9][10] and the Huaura Assembly, which established North Peru.[11] Both states' constitutions prepared the countries' union with Bolivia to create the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, first after its proclamation by decree,[12][13] and then after an assembly that met in Tacna, which authored the constitution of the state.[14]

1839 Constitution

The Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic (Spanish: Constitución Política de la República Peruana) was approved by a General Congress in Huancayo, leading to it being also known as the Huancayo Constitution (Spanish: Constitución de Huancayo). It was promulgated on November 10, 1839, by provisional president Agustín Gamarra, and was of conservative nature, unlike its predecessors.

1856 Constitution

The Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic (Spanish: Constitución de la República Peruana) was approved by the National Convention in Lima after the successful liberal revolution carried out against then president José Rufino Echenique. It was promulgated on October 19, 1856, by provisional president Ramón Castilla, and was of a very liberal character, leading to the Peruvian Civil War of 1856–1858.

1860 Constitution

The Political Constitution of Peru (Spanish: Constitución Política del Perú) was approved by the Congress of the Republic and promulgated on November 13, 1860, by president Ramón Castilla. Due to the nature of the civil war of 1856–1858, it was a moderate constitution, agreed upon by both liberals and conservatives. It was replaced by an unpopular constitution in 1867 and then re-established on the same year.

1867 Constitution

The Political Constitution of Peru (Spanish: Constitución Política del Perú) was approved by the Constituent Assembly on August 29, 1867, and promulgated on the same day by provisional president Mariano Ignacio Prado. Its extremely liberal nature led to a civil war which ended Prado's presidency and re-established the 1860 constitution.

1920 Constitution

The Constitution for the Republic of Peru (Spanish: Constitución para la República del Perú) was approved on December 27, 1919, and promulgated by president Augusto B. Leguía on January 18, 1920. Of progressive nature, many of its contents were not enforced up until its replacement in 1933.

1933 Constitution

The Political Constitution of Peru (Spanish: Constitución Política del Perú) was promulgated on April 9, 1933, by president Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro. The Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru established in 1968 after a successful coup d'état was the last to follow the constitution until its second phase, where president Francisco Morales Bermúdez called for a new constitution to be established and for general elections to be held.

1979 Constitution

The Constitution for the Republic of Peru (Spanish: Constitución para la República del Perú) was promulgated on 12 July 1979 by a Constituent Assembly elected in June 1978 following 10 years of military rule and replaced the suspended 1933 Constitution. It became effective in 1980 with the re-election of deposed President Fernando Belaúnde Terry. It limited the president to a single five-year term and established a bicameral legislature consisting of a 60-member Senate (upper house) and a 180-member Chamber of Deputies (lower house). It also eliminated the literacy requirement for voting and extended suffrage to all adults 18 or older.

Proposed reform

Fujimorism has held power over much of Peruvian society through maintaining control of institutions and legislation created in the 1993 constitution, which was written by Alberto Fujimori and his supporters without opposition participation.[3] Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru, the Congress can impeach the President of Peru without cause, effectively making the legislature more powerful than the executive branch.[15][16] Beginning with Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, the Fujimorist Congress used this impeachment procedure liberally,[15][16][17][18] also impeaching Martín Vizcarra, Pedro Castillo and Dina Boluarte.

Notable public support for a constituent assembly and a new constitution began during the 2020 Peruvian protests.[5] Support for a new constitution increased even further following the self-coup attempt by President Castillo and the subsequent 2022–2023 Peruvian political protests. According to IEP polling from January 2023, when asked if they supported the calls for a new constituent assembly, 69% of respondents approved.[6] Popular proposals for the new constitution include mandatory military service and legalizing the death penalty.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^Peru (2010). «Constitución Política del Perú de 1993 en Quechua». spij.minjus.gob.pe (in Quechua). Lima: Ministry of Justice.
  2. ^Economist Intelligence Unit (2005-01-12). "Country Briefings: Peru – Political forces". The Economist. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  3. ^ abVillalba, Fernando Velásquez (2022). "A totalidade neoliberal-fujimorista: estigmatização e colonialidade no peru contemporâneo". Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais. 37 (109) e3710906. doi:10.1590/3710906/2022. terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social
  4. ^"Peru: Government". Encyclopedia of the Nations – Americas. Thomson Gale. 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  5. ^ ab"Con primera ministra a la cabeza, así es el nuevo gabinete de Francisco Sagasti en Perú". France 24. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
  6. ^ ab"Dina Boluarte: "La asamblea constituyente es un pretexto para seguir bloqueando carreteras"". La Republica (in Spanish). 2023-01-17. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  7. ^Freddy Ronald Centurión González. La institución de la vicepresidencia de la república en la constitución Peruana(PDF) (PhD). Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2019-10-19. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  8. ^Basadre 2014, p. 93–115.
  9. ^Tamayo 1985, p. 253.
  10. ^Basadre 2014, p. 118.
  11. ^Basadre 2014, p. 119–121.
  12. ^Basadre 2014, p. 121.
  13. ^Tamayo 1985, p. 254.
  14. ^Basadre 2014, p. 122.
  15. ^ abAsensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabriela; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramón; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (August 2021). El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación (in Spanish) (1 ed.). Lima, Peru: Institute of Peruvian Studies. p. 92. ISBN 978-612-326-084-2. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  16. ^ ein b Taj, Mitra (07.12.2021). "„Zu viele Fehler“: Perus Präsident droht nach holprigem Start ein Amtsenthebungsverfahren . Financial Times . Archiviert vom Original am 10. Dezember 2022. Abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2021 .
  17. ^ „Perus Keiko Fujimori unterstützt aussichtslosen Versuch, Präsident Castillo anzuklagen“ . Reuters . 19.11.2021 . Abgerufen am 13.12.2021 .
  18. ^ Tegel, Simeon (15. Oktober 2021). „Kann Pedro Castillo seine Präsidentschaft retten?“ . Foreign Policy . Abgerufen am 13.12.2021 .
  19. ^ Pereda, David (16.01.2023). „Neue Verfassung: aumenta el respaldo, pero no es mayoritario“ . La República (auf Spanisch) . Abgerufen am 28.05.2023 .

Bibliographie