Die Aliʻi ( / ə . ˈ l i . i / , ə- LEE -ee ; Hawaiianisch: [a.li.ʔi] ) bildeten den traditionellen Adel der Hawaii-Inseln . Sie gehörten einer erblichen Herrscherlinie an, den Noho Aliʻi . Es gab verschiedene Klassen von Aliʻi ( Häuptlingen ), und das Amt konnte von Männern oder Frauen bekleidet werden.

Verwandte Wörter des Wortes aliʻi haben eine ähnliche Bedeutung in anderen polynesischen Sprachen ; im Māori ist es ariki und im Tahitischen ari'i .

Hintergrund

In der alten hawaiianischen Gesellschaft waren die Aliʻi erbliche Adlige (eine soziale Klasse oder Kaste ). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Die Aliʻi umfassten die höheren und niederen Häuptlinge der verschiedenen Ebenen auf den Inseln. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Die Noho Aliʻi waren die regierenden Häuptlinge . [ 5 ] Man glaubte, die Aliʻi stammten von den Gottheiten ab. [ 6 ]

Es gab elf Klassen von Aliʻi , sowohl Männer als auch Frauen. Dazu gehörten die Kahuna (Priesterinnen und Priester, Experten, Handwerker und Kanubauer) als Teil von vier Berufen, die vom Adel ausgeübt wurden. [ 7 ] Jede Insel hatte ihre eigenen Aliʻi Nui , die ihre jeweiligen Systeme verwalteten. [ 8 ] Die Aliʻi spielten bis 1893 eine Rolle in der Regierung der Hawaii-Inseln , als Königin Liliʻuokalani durch einen von der US- Regierung unterstützten Staatsstreich gestürzt wurde .

Im Hawaiianischen bedeutet „ nui“ so viel wie „groß“, „erhaben“ oder „höchster“ [ 9 ] , daher waren „aliʻi nui“ regierende Häuptlinge. Der Titel „nui“ konnte durch Geburt vererbt werden.

Soziale Bezeichnungen von noho aliʻi (Herrscherlinie)

Historians David Malo, Samuel M. Kamakau[10] and Abraham Fornander wrote extensively about the different aliʻi lines and their importance to Hawaiian history. The distinctions between the aliʻi ranks and lines comes from their writings.[11]

  • Aliʻi nui were supreme high chiefs of an island and no others were above them (during the Kingdom period this title would come to mean 'governor'). The four largest Hawaiian islands (Hawaiʻi proper, Maui, Kauaʻi, and Oʻahu) were usually ruled each by their own aliʻi nui. Molokaʻi also had a line of island rulers, but was later subjected to the superior power of nearby Maui and Oʻahu during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Mōʻī was a special title for the highest chief of the island of Maui. Later, the title was used for all rulers of the Hawaiian Islands and the Hawaiian monarchs.
  • Aliʻi nui kapu were sacred rulers with special taboos.
  • Aliʻi Nīʻaupiʻo were a rank of chiefs who were considered the very highest in descent and power. Nīʻaupiʻo chiefs can be from Piʻo or Naha unions.[12]
  • Aliʻi Piʻo were a rank of chiefs who were products of full blood sibling unions.[12][13] Famous Piʻo chiefs were the royal twins, Kameʻeiamoku and Kamanawa.
  • Aliʻi Naha were a rank of chiefs who were products of either half-blood sibling unions or the unions of uncle and niece or father and daughter. The exact definition is disputed amongst Malo, Kamakau and Fornander.[12][14] Chiefs of this rank traditionally possessed the kapu noho ('sitting kapu').[13] Famous Naha chiefs include Keōpūolani.
  • Aliʻi Wohi were a rank of chiefs who were products of marriage of close relatives other than siblings; one famous Wohi chief was Kamehameha I. These chiefs possessed the kapu wohi, exempting them from kapu moe ('prostration taboo').[15]
  • Papa were chiefs born to mother of the nīʻaupiʻo, piʻo, or naha rank with a lower-ranking male chief.[13]
  • Lōkea were chiefs born to high-ranked father with a mother who was a relative through younger siblings.[13]
  • Lāʻau aliʻi' were chiefs born to parents who are children of high chiefs through secondary unions.[13]
  • Kaukaualiʻi were lesser chiefs who served the aliʻi nui.[16] It is a relative term and not a fixed level of aliʻi nobility. The expression is elastic in terms of how it is used. In general, it means a relative who is born from a lesser ranking parent.[12][17] A kaukaualiʻi son's own children, if born of a lesser ranking aliʻi mother, would descend to a lower rank. Eventually the line descends, leading to makaʻāinana ('commoner').[18]Kaukaualiʻi gain rank through marriage with higher-ranking aliʻi.
  • Aliʻi noanoa were chiefs born to a high chief and a commoner.[13]

One kaukaualiʻi line descended from Moana Kāne, son of Keākealanikāne, became secondary aliʻi to the Kamehameha rulers of the kingdom and were responsible for various hana lawelawe ('service tasks'). Members of this line married into the Kamehamehas, including Charles Kanaʻina and Kekūanaōʻa.[16] Some bore kāhili, royal standards made of feathers, and were attendants of the higher-ranking aliʻi.[16] During the monarchy some of these chiefs were elevated to positions within the primary political bodies of the Hawaiian legislature and the king's Privy Council. All Hawaiian monarchs after Kamehameha III were the children of Kaukaualiʻi fathers who married higher ranking wives.[19][20]

List of Monarchs of Hawaiian Islands

See also

Referenzen

  1. ^ Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel H. Elbert (1. Januar 1986). Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian . University of Hawaii Press. S. 20. ISBN 978-0-8248-0703-0Die
  2. ^ Mary Kawena Pukui ; Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). „Suche nach Aliʻi “ . im hawaiianischen Wörterbuch . Ulukau, die Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaiʻi Press . Abgerufen am 19. September 2010 .
  3. ^ Sharon Henderson Callahan (20. Mai 2013). Religiöse Führung: Ein Nachschlagewerk . SAGE Publications. S. 252. ISBN 978-1-4522-7612-0Die
  4. ^ „Aliʻi“ . Wehewehe . Ulukau . Abgerufen am 21. Februar 2022 .
  5. ^ Juri Mykkänen (Januar 2003). Die Erfindung der Politik: Eine neue politische Anthropologie des Königreichs Hawaii . University of Hawaii Press. S. 172. ISBN 978-0-8248-1486-1Die
  6. ^ John F. McDermott ; Wen-Shing Tseng; Thomas W. Maretzki (1. Januar 1980). Menschen und Kulturen Hawaiis: Ein psychokulturelles Profil . University of Hawaii Press. S.  8. ISBN 978-0-8248-0706-1Die
  7. ^ Stephen Dando-Collins (1. April 2014). Die Eroberung von Hawaii: Wie dreizehn Geschäftsleute aus Honolulu 1893 mit einem Bluff die Königin von Hawaii entthronten . Open Road Media. S. 9. ISBN 978-1-4976-1429-1Die
  8. ^ Barbara A. West (1. Januar 2009). Enzyklopädie der Völker Asiens und Ozeaniens . Infobase-Veröffentlichung. P. 270. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7Die
  9. ^ Mary Kawena Pukui ; Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). „Lookup of nui “ . In: Hawaiian Dictionary . Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaiʻi Press . Abgerufen am 19. September 2010 .
  10. ^ Kamakau 1992 , S. iii.
  11. ^ Valeri 2009 , S. 211–244.
  12. ^ a b c d Fornander 1920 , S. 307–311.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Kirch 2010 , S. 36.
  14. ^ Valeri 2009 , S. 227–230.
  15. ^ Valeri 2009 , S. 230–236.
  16. ^ a b c Young 1998 , S. 58.
  17. ^ Malo 1903 , S. 82.
  18. ^ Kauanui 2008 , S. 44.
  19. ^ Young 1998 , S. 112.
  20. ^ Osorio 2002 , S. 80, 11, 147.

Weiterführende Literatur