Battle of the Systems

The Battle of the Systems was a controversy over the most effective system of exercise and calisthenics that spanned from the 1830s to the early 1920s,^[1] consisted of different systems of exercise mostly in a gymnastic or calisthenic-type format. It raged in the United States as states mandated physical education systems.

Started by Johann Guts Muth and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, used large fixed apparatus, vaulting and marching. Jahn felt that physical conditioning was essential for a strong nation. The German system had a "militaristic" view of fitness, with a very strict, formal style of physical training: Jahn's purpose in promoting what he called the Turnverein movement was to mold the German youth into strong citizens. It was introduced to America by Charles Beck, a German immigrant. Although they were based on the ideas and work of Friedrich Jahn, the American system was less nationalistic.

Sometimes called the "Swedish Movement Cure," founded by Pehr Henrik Ling, was a health-oriented approach and recognized for inherent medical values. The Swedish "light gymnastics" used no apparatus, consisting of calisthenics and exercises. It was freer and less rigid than the German system. The Swedish system was made popular in America from the 1880s under Hartvig Nissen and Nils Posse.

A French system created by François Delsarte in the 1890s. His system, based on the belief that certain exercises contributed more to poise, grace, beauty and health, and were therefore more beneficial in improving performances in singing, drama and dance, gained popularity in dance and theatre as well as physical education, though in the latter its popularity was limited and short-lived.

Das von Dudley Allen Sargent im 19. Jahrhundert begründete System der Gymnastik basierte auf deutschen und schwedischen Elementen. Sargent konstruierte zahlreiche Geräte für sein Programm und experimentierte mit anthropometrischen Messungen. Dieses vielseitige System erforderte als Grundvoraussetzung für jede körperliche Aktivität eine gründliche medizinische Untersuchung.

Es gab keinen eindeutigen Sieger, da die Popularität regional stark variierte und sobald ein System Fuß fasste, gewann ein anderes an Beliebtheit. Die öffentliche Meinung passte sich dem jeweils neuesten Trend an. Diese Systeme verschwanden schließlich fast vollständig, sobald Wissenschaft und Forschung die Wahrheit hinter den Behauptungen ihrer Befürworter aufdeckten.