Ein nuklearer Beinaheunfall ist ein Vorfall, der möglicherweise zu mindestens einer nuklearen Explosion geführt hat , dies aber nicht tat. Man unterscheidet zwischen Beinaheunfällen mit vorsätzlichem und unabsichtlichem Einsatz.

Beinahe-Unfälle durch vorsätzlichen Einsatz von Atomwaffen können in Zeiten erhöhter militärischer Spannungen zwischen einem oder mehreren Atommächten auftreten . Sie können von einer staatlichen Drohung oder einem Angriff auf den Staat ausgehen. Auch nuklearer Terrorismus kann eine Rolle spielen .

Unbeabsichtigte Beinahe-Katastrophen können durch Geräteausfälle verursacht werden. Häufige Beispiele sind strategische Bomber, die versehentlich Atomwaffen abwerfen oder abstürzen, oder Frühwarnsysteme, die Phänomene wie Wetterereignisse oder nicht-nukleare Raketenstarts fälschlicherweise für einen Erstschlag mit einer Interkontinentalrakete halten und daher einen Zweitschlag empfehlen .

Obwohl genaue Details zu vielen Beinaheunfällen mit Kernkraftwerken schwer zu ermitteln sind, hat die Analyse einzelner Fälle die Bedeutung verschiedener Faktoren für die Verhinderung von Unfällen verdeutlicht. Auf internationaler Ebene zählen dazu der Kontext und die Vermittlung von außen; auf nationaler Ebene eine effektive Regierungskommunikation und die Einbindung wichtiger Entscheidungsträger; und auf individueller Ebene die entscheidende Rolle des Einzelnen, der seiner Intuition folgt und umsichtig handelt, oft auch unter Missachtung von Protokollen. [ 1 ]

Ein mögliches Beispiel für einen Unfall, der tatsächlich zu einer nuklearen Explosion führte, ist der radioaktive Unfall von Nyonoksa im Jahr 2019 in Russland.

Jeder Atomkrieg birgt die Möglichkeit eines raschen Klimawandels und bedroht die globale Nahrungsmittelproduktion: eine nukleare Hungersnot . [ 2 ]

Trotz der Reduzierung der Atomwaffen und der geringeren Spannungen nach dem Ende des Kalten Krieges beläuft sich das weltweite Arsenal an Atomsprengköpfen auf schätzungsweise 15.000, wobei die Vereinigten Staaten und Russland 90 % davon halten. [ 3 ]

Beinahe-Unfälle durch vorsätzlichen Einsatz

Vorsätzliche Beinahe-Zusammenstöße können bei erhöhten militärischen Spannungen zwischen einem oder mehreren Atommächten vorkommen . Sie können von einer staatlichen Drohung oder einem Angriff auf den Staat ausgehen. Auch nuklearer Terrorismus kann eine Rolle spielen .

1950–1953: Koreakrieg

Während des Koreakriegs erwogen die USA als Reaktion auf die Beteiligung der chinesischen Volksfreiwilligenarmee Atomangriffe auf Nordkorea und die Mandschurei . Mark-4-Atombomben ohne Spaltkerne wurden auf Guam und Okinawa stationiert. Boeing B-29 Superfortress-Bomber waren auf dem Luftwaffenstützpunkt Kadena in Okinawa stationiert und flogen Übungsangriffe mit Attrappen von Atom- und konventionellen Bomben gegen nordkoreanische Ziele.

Die USA erwogen auch Angriffe auf sowjetische Luftwaffenstützpunkte im russischen Fernen Osten . [ 4 ] Der Luftwaffenstützpunkt Artem war der unmittelbarste.

1954: Erster Indochinakrieg

Während der Schlacht von Dien Bien Phu erwogen die USA auf Bitten der Franzosen den Einsatz taktischer Atomwaffen gegen die Viet Minh . US-amerikanische strategische Bomber, die auf den Philippinen oder in Okinawa stationiert waren, sowie Trägerflugzeuge der Siebten Flotte wurden für einen Angriff mit drei taktischen Atombomben, möglicherweise Mark 7, in Betracht gezogen .

1956: Suez-Krise

Während der Sueskrise erhielt das Nordamerikanische Luft- und Weltraumverteidigungskommando (NORAD) mehrere zeitgleiche Meldungen, darunter über unidentifizierte Flugzeuge über der Türkei , sowjetische MiG-15- Kampfflugzeuge über Syrien , einen abgeschossenen britischen Canberra-Bomber und unerwartete Manöver der sowjetischen Schwarzmeerflotte durch die Dardanellen , die auf eine sowjetische Offensive hindeuteten. Angesichts früherer sowjetischer Drohungen, konventionelle Raketen gegen Frankreich und Großbritannien einzusetzen , befürchteten die US-Streitkräfte, diese Ereignisse könnten einen NATO- Atomschlag gegen die Sowjetunion auslösen. Tatsächlich erwiesen sich alle Meldungen über sowjetische Aktionen als fehlerhaft, falsch interpretiert oder übertrieben. Die wahrgenommene Bedrohung beruhte auf einer zufälligen Verkettung von Ereignissen, darunter ein Schwarm von Schwänen über der Türkei, eine Jagdflugzeugeskorte für den syrischen Präsidenten Shukri al-Quwatli auf dem Rückweg von Moskau , ein aufgrund technischer Probleme abgestürzter britischer Bomber und planmäßige Übungen der sowjetischen Flotte. [ 5 ]

1958: Second Taiwan Strait Crisis

U.S. Secretary of StateChristian Herter characterized the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis as "the first serious nuclear crisis".[6] In this conflict, the People's Republic of China (PRC) shelled the islands of Kinmen (Quemoy) and the Matsu Islands along the east coast of mainland China (in the Taiwan Strait) in an attempt to probe the extent of the United States military defense of Taiwan's sovereign territory. This was an ultimately failed preemptive strike prior to an attempted invasion of Taiwan, where the Republic of China's (ROC) military forces and political apparatuses, known as the Kuomintang (KMT), had been exiled since the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. A naval battle also took place around Dongding Island when the ROC Navy repelled an attempted amphibious landing by the PRC Navy.[7][8][9][10]

1962: Cuban Missile Crisis

Soviet nuclear weapons in Cuba

Under Operation Anadyr, the Soviet Union deployed both strategic and tactical nuclear weapons in Cuba, totalling 158 warheads. Of these, 80 were for use by the 9K52 Luna-Mnuclearrocket artillery/short-range ballistic missile system, and 12 were for use by the FKR-1cruise missile. At least one unit of the latter was targeted at the U.S. Guantanamo Bay Naval Base on the island of Cuba.[11][12]

U.S. false alarm at interceptor airbase

An F-106A during takeoff

During the Cuban Missile Crisis, United States military planners expected that sabotage operations might precede any nuclear first strike by the Soviet Union. Around midnight on 25 October 1962, a guard at the Duluth Sector Direction Center in Minnesota saw a figure climbing the security fence. He shot at it and activated the sabotage alarm, which automatically set off similar alarms at other bases in the region. At Volk Field in Wisconsin, a faulty alarm system caused the klaxon to sound instead, which ordered Air Defense Command (ADC) nuclear-armed F-106A interceptors into the air. The pilots had been told there would be no practice alert drills and, according to political scientist Scott Sagan, "fully believed that a nuclear war was starting".[13] Before the planes were able to take off, the base commander contacted Duluth and learned of the error. An officer in the command center drove his car onto the runway, flashing his lights and signaling to the aircraft to stop. The intruder was discovered to be a bear.[13][14]

Sagan writes that the incident raised the dangerous possibility of an ADC interceptor accidentally shooting down a Strategic Air Command (SAC) bomber.[13] Interceptor crews had not been given full information by SAC of plans to move bombers to dispersal bases (such as Volk Field) or the classified routes flown by bombers on continuous alert as part of Operation Chrome Dome. Declassified ADC documents later revealed that "the incident led to changes in the alert Klaxon system [...] to prevent a recurrence".[13]

Soviet averted launch of nuclear torpedo

B-59 near Cuba with a U.S. Navy helicopter circling above, c. October 28–29, 1962

At the height of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Soviet patrol submarine B-59 almost launched a nuclear torpedo while under harassment by American naval forces on October 27. One of several vessels surrounded by American destroyers near Cuba, B-59 dove to avoid detection and was unable to communicate with Moscow for a number of days.[15]USS Beale began dropping practice depth charges to signal B-59 to surface; however, the captain of the Soviet submarine and its zampolit (political officer) took these to be real depth charges.[16] With low batteries affecting the submarine's life-support systems and unable to make contact with Moscow, the commander of B-59 feared that war had already begun and ordered the use of a 10-kiloton nuclear torpedo against the American fleet. The zampolit agreed, but the chief of staff of the flotilla (second in command of the flotilla) Vasily Arkhipov refused permission to launch. He convinced the captain to calm down, surface, and make contact with Moscow for new orders.[17][18]

U.S. loss of ICBM launch authority

According to Scott Sagan, also on 27 October, at Malmstrom Air Force Base in Montana, officers of Strategic Air Command jerry-rigged their launch system on a Minuteman ICBM, bypassing standard procedure and obtaining an independent launch authority.[11]

U.S. scramble of interceptors

Additionally on 27 October, an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba, resulting in the death of pilot Major Rudolf Anderson of the United States Air Force (USAF), and another U-2 flown by Captain Charles Maultsby , Angehöriger der US-Luftwaffe, stationiert auf der Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska ,drang 480 km (300 Meilen) in sowjetischen Luftraum ein. Trotz des Befehls, sowjetischen Luftraum in einem Abstand von mindestens 160 km (100 Meilen) zu meiden, führte ein Navigationsfehler aufgrund von Polarlichtern die U-2 über die Tschuktschen-Halbinsel , woraufhin sowjetische MiG-Abfangjäger aufstiegen und die Verfolgung aufnahmen. [ 5 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Amerikanische F-102A -Abfangjäger, bewaffnet mitnuklearen Luft-Luft-Raketen vom Typ GAR-11 Falcon (jeweils mit einer Sprengkraft von 0,25 Kilotonnen), wurden daraufhin zur Eskortierung der U-2 in den eigenen Luftraum entsandt. [ 21 ] Einzelne Piloten waren in der Lage, ihre Raketen zu aktivieren und abzufeuern. Der Vorfall blieb viele Jahre geheim. [ 20 ]

1968–1969: Vietnamkrieg

Während des Vietnamkriegs entwickelte das US-Militär mindestens zwei Notfallpläne für den Einsatz von Atomwaffen in Vietnam. Anfang 1968 sah der „Fracture Jaw“ -Plan die Stationierung taktischer Atomwaffen in Südvietnam während der Schlacht um Khe Sanh vor und wurde von General William Westmoreland gebilligt. Präsident Lyndon B. Johnson legte jedoch sein Veto ein , unter anderem aus Furcht vor einem Kriegseintritt der Volksrepublik China . [ 22 ] Ende 1969 entwickelte das Weiße Haus unter Nixon den „Duck Hook“-Plan , der eine massive Eskalation der US-Kriegsanstrengungen durch Bomben- und Minenkampagnen vorsah. Nixon gab den Plan am 1. November aufgrund des Widerstands im Kabinett, der sinkenden öffentlichen Zustimmung zum Krieg und der ungewissen Wirksamkeit auf.

1969: Abschuss eines US-amerikanischen EWAC-Flugzeugs durch die DVRK.

Die 1969 abgeschossene EC-121, hier abgebildet um 1960

A United States Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star early warning aircraft was shot down by a Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, i.e. North Korea) MiG-21, killing all 31 servicemen aboard. F-4 Phantom fighter-bomber jets at Kunsan Air Base were ordered to load B61 nuclear bombs and began preparations for a nuclear strike against the DPRK.[23] The attack was to include the airfield from which the North Koreans had attacked the U.S. aircraft.[24] After a few hours, the order to stand down was given and the jets never took off. Reportedly, President Richard Nixon was drunk when he gave the order for a nuclear attack against the DPRK.[25] The order to stand down was given on the advice of Secretary of StateHenry Kissinger.

1969: Sino-Soviet conflict

In 1969, following the border conflict Battle of Zhenbao Island in March, the USSR considered a massive nuclear attack on China, targeting cities and nuclear facilities. It made military activity in the Russian Far East, and informed its allies and the United States of this potential attack. The Chinese government and archives were evacuated from Beijing while the People's Liberation Army scattered from its bases. The crisis abated when U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger informed the Soviet Union that an attack on China would be met by a U.S. nuclear attack on 130 Soviet cities.[26][27][28] According to the U.S. Department of State, one of the two main "after-the-fact explanations" for the Joint Chiefs of Staff Readiness Test conducted by the U.S. military in October 1969 was to deter a possible Soviet nuclear strike against the People's Republic of China.[29][30]

1973: Yom Kippur War

Während des Jom-Kippur-Krieges gerieten israelische Offizielle in Panik, dass die arabische Invasionsstreitmacht Israel überrennen würde, nachdem die syrische Armee beinahe einen Durchbruch auf den Golanhöhen erzielt hatte und die US-Regierung Israels Antrag auf eine Notfall -Luftbrücke ablehnte . Laut einem ehemaligen CIA -Beamten beantragte Verteidigungsminister Moshe Dayan bei der israelischen Ministerpräsidentin Golda Meir die Genehmigung , 13 Jericho-Raketen und acht F-4 Phantom II- Kampfjets mit Atomsprengköpfen zu bestücken, und erhielt diese. Die Raketenwerfer befanden sich auf dem Luftwaffenstützpunkt Sdot Micha , während die Kampfjets auf dem Luftwaffenstützpunkt Tel Nof in ständiger Alarmbereitschaft waren . Die Raketen sollten angeblich auf die arabischen Militärhauptquartiere in Kairo und Damaskus gerichtet sein . [ 5 ]

The United States discovered Israel's nuclear deployment after a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird reconnaissance aircraft spotted the missiles, and it began an airlift the same day. After the UN Security Council imposed a ceasefire, conflict resumed when the Israel Defense Force (IDF) moved to encircle the Egyptian Third Army. According to former U.S. State Department officials, the leader of the USSR, Leonid Brezhnev, threatened to deploy the Soviet Airborne Forces against Israeli forces, and the U.S. Armed Forces were placed at DEFCON 3. Israel also redeployed its nuclear weapons. While DEFCON 3 was still in effect, mechanics repairing the alarm system at Kincheloe Air Force Base in Michigan accidentally activated it and nearly scrambled the B-52 bombers at the base before the duty officer declared a false alarm.[5] The crisis finally ended when Prime Minister Meir halted all military action.[31] Declassified Israeli documents have not confirmed these allegations directly, but have confirmed that Israel was willing to use "drastic means" to win the war.[32]

1983: Able Archer 83 NATO exercise

Able Archer 83 was a command post exercise carried out by NATO military forces and political leaders between 7 and 11 November 1983.[33] The exercise simulated a Soviet conventional attack on European NATO forces three days before the start of the exercise (D-3), transitioning to a large-scale chemical war (D-1), and on day one (D+1) of the exercise, NATO forces sought political guidance on the use of nuclear weapons to stem the Soviet advance which was approved by political leaders. NATO then began simulating preparations for a transition to nuclear war.[34]

These simulations included 170 radio-silent flights to air lift 19,000 U.S. troops to Europe, regularly shifting military commands to avoid nuclear attack, the use of new nuclear weapon release procedures, the use of nuclear Command, Control, and Communications (C3) networks for passing nuclear orders, the moving of NATO forces in Europe through each of the alert phases from DEFCON 5 to DEFCON 1, and the participation of political leaders like Margaret Thatcher, Helmut Kohl and Ronald Reagan.[35]

The issue was worsened by leaders referring to B-52 sorties as "nuclear strikes",[35] by the increased use of encrypted diplomatic channels between the U.S. and UK,[36] and by the nuclear attack false alarm in September.

In response, Soviet nuclear-capable aircraft were fueled and armed ready to launch on the runway, and ICBMs were brought up to alert. Soviet leaders believed the exercise was a ruse to cover NATO preparations for a nuclear first strike and frantically sent a telegram to its residencies seeking information on NATO preparations for an attack. The exercise closely aligned with Soviet timeline estimations that a NATO first strike would take 7 to 10 days to execute from the political decision being made.[37][38]

Soviet forces stood down after 11 November when the exercise ended. NATO was unaware of the complete Soviet response until British intelligence asset Oleg Gordievsky passed on the information.[39]

1991: Gulf War

Coalition nuclear weapons

The Coalition of the Gulf War included the nuclear-armed countries of the United States and the United Kingdom. They both deployed nuclear weapons to the region during the conflict, ostensibly to allow retaliation in the event of an Iraqi chemical weapons attack. The United States deployed 1,000 tactical weapons to the region, with 300 land-based weapons in Turkey, and 700 aboard warships in the Persian Gulf region. The United Kingdom also deployed five nuclear-capable vessels probably carrying between eight and sixteen nuclear weapons. Western chemical weapons were also mobilized to the region.[40]

Threats of nuclear use by coalition officials came from public statements, private communication with Iraqi officials, and leaked communications.[40] Among them, U.S. Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, General Norman Schwarzkopf Jr., and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher all emphasized that the use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) against coalition forces would lead to a nuclear attack on Iraq.[41]

On January 7, 1991, The Washington Post reported that the U.S. military had ruled out the use of nuclear or chemical weapons in the conflict. Cheney had requested Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffColin Powell to produce nuclear strike options against Iraq. Powell later wrote that "To do serious damage to just one armored division dispersed in the desert would require a considerable number of small tactical nuclear weapons…. If I had had any doubts before about the practicality of nukes in the field of battle, this report clinched them".[42]

On January 9, 1991, U.S. Secretary of StateJames Baker delivered to Iraqi Foreign MinisterTariq Aziz a letter carrying a formal threat, presumably nuclear retaliation, to the following actions:

  1. If Saddam Hussein used chemical or biological weapons
  2. If Saddam Hussein destroyed the Kuwaiti oil fields
  3. If Saddam Hussein supported terrorists

Baker warned that the U.S. had "the means to exact vengeance" in the event of an Iraqi resort to WMD.[43] After the war, the Defense Intelligence Agency credited these threats with deterring Iraq from launching chemical attacks on coalition forces.[41]

Researcher Hans M. Kristensen has argued that it is unclear if U.S. nuclear threats were fully understood by Iraqi officials, that they were more concerned by the threat of regime change, and that their destruction of the Kuwaiti oil fields indicates deterrence was not successful.[42]

Israeli nuclear weapons

During the Persian Gulf War, Ba'athist Iraq launched Scud missiles at Saudi Arabia and Israel and possessed a large cache of WMD in the form of chemical weapons. This, along with Saddam Hussein's previous threat to "burn half of Israel" with chemical weapons, led to fears that Saddam Hussein would order the use of the chemical weapons against the U.S.-led coalition or against Israel .[44][41] Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Shamir and Israeli Air Force Commander-in-Chief Avihu Ben-Nun both warned that an Iraqi chemical attack would trigger "massive retaliation", implying that Israel would retaliate with nuclear weapons. Saddam Hussein had a contingency plan to launch WMD-armed warheads against Tel Aviv in the event that he became cut off from the Iraqi Armed Forces leadership or if the Iraqi government was about to collapse, which almost certainly would have triggered a retaliatory nuclear response from Israel. Saddam Hussein ultimately never deemed this option necessary because he never felt as if his government was about to collapse.[45]

2017–2018: North Korea crisis

Kim Jong-un (left) and Donald Trump in June 2018

Zwischen 2017 und 2018 lieferten sich die USA und Nordkorea , insbesondere US-Präsident Donald Trump und der nordkoreanische Machthaber Kim Jong-un , einen verbalen Schlagabtausch, der als Eskalation eines Atomkriegs beschrieben wurde. Im August 2017 warnte Trump, Nordkorea werde mit „Feuer und Wut, wie sie die Welt noch nie gesehen hat“, konfrontiert werden. [ 46 ] In seiner Rede vor der UN-Generalversammlung im selben Jahr erklärte er, die USA hätten im Falle einer Selbstverteidigung keine andere Wahl, als Nordkorea „total zu zerstören“. [ 47 ] Nordkorea bezeichnete Trump daraufhin als „ Greis “, kündigte an, er werde „teuer bezahlen“, und warf den USA eine Kriegserklärung vor . [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Im Januar 2018 twitterte Trump zudem, sein Land habe einen „größeren Atomknopf“ als Nordkorea. [ 51 ]

Im Januar 2018 wurde berichtet, dass Trump Victor Cha als Kandidaten für den Posten des US-Botschafters in Südkorea zurückgezogen hatte , da dieser sich gegen einen begrenzten Angriff auf Nordkorea ausgesprochen hatte. Dieser Rückzug löste bei Nordkorea-Experten große Besorgnis aus, da sie befürchteten, die USA würden einen Krieg mit Nordkorea ernsthaft in Erwägung ziehen. [ 52 ]

Die Krise wurde als „Kubanische Raketenkrise in Zeitlupe“ bezeichnet. [ 53 ] In seinem Buch „Am Rande des Abgrunds: Trump, Kim und die Bedrohung durch einen Atomkrieg“ erklärte Van Jackson, dass die Vereinigten Staaten zwischen 2017 und Anfang 2018 so nah wie nie zuvor an einem Dritten Weltkrieg standen. [ 54 ] Berichten zufolge erwog Trump auch die Evakuierung von Amerikanern aus Südkorea, obwohl davor gewarnt wurde, dass ein solcher Schritt zu einem Krieg führen könnte. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Im Jahr 2023 kamen zudem Berichte auf, wonach Trump 2017 den Einsatz von Atomwaffen gegen Nordkorea erwogen hatte. [ 57 ]

Indien-Pakistan-Konflikt 2019

Im Jahr 2023 behauptete Mike Pompeo , der 2019 als US-Außenminister amtierte, dass die US-Diplomatie eine Eskalation der Spannungen zwischen Indien und Pakistan und damit einen Atomkrieg verhindert habe. Laut Pompeo wurde er im Februar 2019 von Sushma Swaraj darüber informiert , dass die indische Regierung von pakistanischen Atomangriffsvorbereitungen ausging und Indien eine Eskalation der Lage vorbereitete. Pompeo gab an, er und der damalige Nationale Sicherheitsberater John Bolton hätten mit dem damaligen pakistanischen Armeechef Qamar Javed Bajwa in „einer kleinen, sicheren Kommunikationszentrale in unserem Hotel“ gesprochen, der dieselbe Einschätzung hinsichtlich indischer Atomvorbereitungen geteilt habe. Die Situation sei deeskaliert worden, nachdem US-Vermittler beiden Ländern mitgeteilt hätten, dass keine Atomangriffsvorbereitungen stattfänden. Weder das indische noch das pakistanische Außenministerium äußerten sich zu Pompeos Behauptungen. [ 58 ] [ 59 ]

2022–heute: Russische Invasion in der Ukraine

Russland hat während seines Einmarsches in die Ukraine mit dem Einsatz von Atomwaffen gedroht , was als nukleare Erpressung bezeichnet wird . [ 60 ] [ 61 ]

In late 2022, tensions over Russian nuclear use reached a high point. Russian Foreign MinisterSergey Lavrov implied nuclear weapons could be used to defend annexed Ukrainian territories.[62] Russian officials, including Russian defense ministerSergei Shoigu,[63] publicly and privately accused Ukraine of preparing to use a radioactive dirty bomb on Ukrainian territory.[64] A tweet by the Russian Ministry of Defence, purportedly showing evidence of a Ukrainian dirty bomb in production, was debunked as a collection of old and unrelated photos.[65] On 24 October, John Kirby stated that there was no evidence Russia was preparing a dirty bomb strike.[66] At Ukraine's request, the United Nations sent an International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) investigation to Ukraine, which found no evidence of a dirty bomb being developed or any other undeclared nuclear activity.[67][68][69] U.S. officials feared that those allegations by Russia may be a confirmation of it preparing for a nuclear strike on Ukraine, using dirty bomb allegations or a false flag attack as a pretext.[70] The U.S., as reported by CNN, has "prepared 'rigorously' for potential Russian nuclear strike in Ukraine". It also engaged U.S. diplomats, as well as asked other countries, namely China and India, to engage diplomatically to persuade Russia to avoid nuclear escalation.[70]

On 25 March 2023, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced plans to install Russian tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus.[71]

On 19 November 2024, Putin signed a decree allowing Russia to use nuclear weapons in response to conventional attacks by a non-nuclear state supported by a nuclear power, lowering the threshold for a nuclear strike in response to a possible conventional attack.[72]

On 21 November 2024, Russia used a conventionally armed multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV) system, on the Oreshnikintermediate-range ballistic missile to attack the Ukrainian city of Dnipro, marking their first usage in combat. The MIRV system was developed by multiple nations for nuclear strategic missiles.[73]

On 7 December 2024, Russia and Belarus signed an agreement offering security guarantees to Belarus including nuclear security and the possible use of Russian nuclear weapons to repel aggressions.[74] Two days later, Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko confirmed the presence of Russian nuclear weapons in Belarus, including Russia's Oreshnik missile system.[75]

On 4 May 2025, in an interview to mark his 25 years of power in Russia, Putin remarked that "he hoped that there would be no need to use nuclear weapons" to bring the Russian invasion of Ukraine "to its logical conclusion".[76][77]

Unintentional close calls

Unintentional use close calls may occur due to equipment failure. Common examples are strategic bombers accidentally dropping or crashing with nuclear bombs, or early warning systems mistaking phenomena such as weather events or non-nuclear rocket launches for an ICBMfirst strike and therefore recommending a second strike.

1957: U.S. accidental bomb drop in New Mexico

A B-36 accidentally dropped a bomb just south of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Due to safety measures, the plutonium core was not mounted to the bomb at the time but rather stored elsewhere in the plane, preventing a nuclear detonation. The conventional explosives created a 7.6 m (25 ft)-wide crater on impact.

1958: U.S. accidental bomb drop in Savannah, Georgia

A bomb was mistakenly dropped by a U.S. Air ForceBoeing B-47E-LM Stratojet near Savannah, Georgia, when a man in the bomb bay area grabbed the emergency release pin by accident. Similar to the 1957 incident, safety precautions meant that the plutonium was not mounted to the bomb but rather stored elsewhere on the plane at the time.

1960: U.S. false alarm from moonrise

Radaranlagen in Thule , Grönland , interpretierten einen Mondaufgang über Norwegen fälschlicherweise als sowjetischen Großraketenstart . Nach Eingang der Meldung über den vermeintlichen Angriff versetzte NORAD höchste Alarmbereitschaft. Zweifel an der Echtheit des Angriffs kamen jedoch auf, da sich der sowjetische Staatschef Nikita Chruschtschow als Leiter der sowjetischen UN -Delegation in New York aufhielt . [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ]

1961: Absturz eines US-amerikanischen strategischen Bombers in North Carolina

Eine der Mark-39-Atombomben nach dem Vorfall von 1961 in der Nähe von Goldsboro, North Carolina.

Eine B-52 Stratofortress, die zwei 3–4 Megatonnen schwere Mark-39-Atombomben transportierte , zerbrach in der Luft nahe Goldsboro , North Carolina , und verlor dabei ihre nukleare Ladung. [ 81 ] Der verantwortliche Pilot, Walter Scott Tulloch, befahl der Besatzung, in 2700 Metern Höhe (9000 Fuß) den Schleudersitz zu betätigen . Fünf Besatzungsmitglieder konnten sich mit dem Schleudersitz oder Fallschirm retten und landeten sicher, ein weiteres Besatzungsmitglied rettete sich ebenfalls mit dem Schleudersitz, überlebte die Landung jedoch nicht, und zwei starben beim Absturz. [ 82 ]

Aus 2013 freigegebenen Informationen ging hervor, dass „nur ein einziger Schalter die Detonation der Bombe und die damit verbundene Ausbreitung von Feuer und Zerstörung über ein weites Gebiet verhinderte.“ [ 83 ] In einem Gutachten vom 22. Oktober 1969 stellte Parker F. Jones, Leiter der Abteilung für nukleare Waffensicherheit der Sandia National Laboratories , fest, dass „ein einfacher Niederspannungsschalter mit Dynamotechnik die Vereinigten Staaten vor einer großen Katastrophe bewahrte“ und dass es „glaubwürdig erscheint“, dass ein Kurzschluss in der ARM-Leitung während eines Auseinanderbrechens des Flugzeugs in der Luft zu einer nuklearen Explosion hätte führen können. [ 84 ]

1961: Absturz eines US-amerikanischen strategischen Bombers in Kalifornien

Eine B-52 Stratofortress mit zwei Atombomben an Bord erlitt eine katastrophale Dekompression , die die Besatzung zum Ausstieg mit dem Schleudersitz zwang. Das unbemannte Flugzeug stürzte 24 Kilometer westlich von Yuba City , Kalifornien , ab . Die Bomben detonierten aufgrund von Sicherheitsvorkehrungen nicht.

1961: Fehlalarm in den USA aufgrund eines Kommunikationsausfalls

Die Mitarbeiter des Hauptquartiers des Strategic Air Command (SAC HQ) verloren gleichzeitig den Kontakt zu NORAD und mehreren Frühwarnsystemen für ballistische Raketen . Da diese Kommunikationsleitungen redundant und voneinander unabhängig ausgelegt waren, wurde der Kommunikationsausfall entweder als äußerst unwahrscheinlicher Zufall oder als koordinierter Angriff interpretiert. Das SAC HQ bereitete die gesamte Einsatzbereitschaft der Truppe zum Start vor, bevor bereits kreisende Flugzeuge bestätigten, dass offenbar kein Angriff stattfand. Später stellte sich heraus, dass der Ausfall einer einzigen Relaisstation in Colorado die alleinige Ursache für das Kommunikationsproblem war. [ 78 ]

1962: Fehlende US-Befehle während der Kubakrise

Laut einem dort stationierten Techniker erteilte die Kadena Air Base in Okinawa irrtümlich den Befehl , alle Atomraketenstellungen in Okinawa abzufeuern. Es wurde jedoch keine einzige Rakete abgefeuert. Ein Team, das für vier Raketen auf dem Bolo Airfield in Yomitan zuständig war , meldete, dass die Codes des Befehls korrekt waren. Der zuständige Offizier vor Ort misstraute dem Befehl jedoch, unter anderem, weil nur eine ihrer vier Raketen auf Russland gerichtet war und er keinen Sinn darin sah, Raketen auch gegen China abzufeuern. Zudem befand sich die Alarmbereitschaft bei DEFCON 2, nicht bei DEFCON 1. [ 85 ] Andere, die damals dort Dienst taten, äußerten Zweifel daran, dass sich dieser Vorfall jemals ereignet hat. [ 86 ]

1964: Absturz eines US-amerikanischen strategischen Bombers in Maryland

Eine mit Atombomben beladene B-52 wurde bei Turbulenzen über Westpennsylvanien schwer beschädigt . Das Flugzeug stürzte im Savage River State Forest in Garrett County, Maryland , ab. Die Maschine war nach Abschluss einer Mission der Operation Chrome Dome auf dem Weg von Massachusetts nach Georgia und transportierte zwei Atombomben. Die Berichte über den Zustand der Bomben gingen auseinander. Das US-Verteidigungsministerium (DoD) erklärte, sie seien „relativ intakt“, während Ingenieure der Sandia National Laboratories angaben, sie seien „zerbrochen“ und ein überstürzter Transport sei zu riskant. Innerhalb von zwei Tagen wurden die Bomben geborgen und zu einem nahegelegenen Flughafen gebracht, um von dort zu Einrichtungen der Luftwaffe transportiert zu werden. Der Pilot hatte die Besatzung angewiesen, sich mit dem Schleudersitz zu retten, als er die Kontrolle über das Flugzeug verlor. Drei Besatzungsmitglieder starben bei dem Absturz oder an den Folgen der Unterkühlung in der winterlichen Schneelandschaft.

1965: Fehlalarm in den USA aufgrund von Computerfehlern während eines Stromausfalls

The Command Center of the Office of Emergency Planning went on full alert after a massive power outage in the northeastern United States. Several nuclear bomb detectors—used to distinguish between regular power outages and power outages caused by a nuclear blast—near major U.S. cities malfunctioned due to circuit errors, creating the illusion of a nuclear attack.[5]

1965: U.S. attack aircraft falling off carrier

During a training exercise in the Philippine Sea, a nuclear-armed Douglas A-4 Skyhawk attack aircraft fell off the side of the aircraft carrier USS Ticonderoga. The jet, pilot and weapon were not recovered.

1966: U.S. strategic bomber crash in Spain

A B-52G bomber and KC-135 tanker crashed over the Mediterranean Sea. The bomber was carrying nuclear weapons at the time. While the bombs did not detonate, they did contaminate the area with radioactive material.

1966: French false alarm from weather (likely)

In the early days of the French Strategic Air Forces, electrical transmissions were disrupted due to a thunderstorm, causing a wartime takeoff order to be displayed. The French Air Force launched a Mirage IV with an AN-11 atomic bomb. The crew was called back by radio, but did not respond, as required by procedure. When they reached their refueling zone, they were unable to find the supply plane, forcing them to abort their mission, turn back, and land.[87]

1967: U.S. false alarm from weather

A powerful solar flare accompanied by a coronal mass ejection interfered with multiple NORAD radars over the Northern Hemisphere. These radars included three Ballistic Missile Early Warning Systems (BMEWS) that had been recently upgraded, and only resumed operation eight days prior to the flare.[88] This interference was initially interpreted as intentional jamming of the radars by the Soviets, and thus an act of war. A nuclear bomber counterstrike was nearly launched by the United States.[89] The Strategic Air Command had prepared to launch fighters before NORAD alerted them of the solar flare.

1968: U.S. strategic bomber crash in Greenland

A fire broke out on a nuclear-armed B-52 bomber just off Greenland, and the plane crashed into the sea without causing a detonation.

1979: U.S. false alarm from computer training scenario

Computer errors at the NORAD headquarters in Peterson Air Force Base, the Strategic Air Command command post in Offutt Air Force Base, the National Military Command Center in the Pentagon, and the Alternate National Military Command Center in the Raven Rock Mountain Complex led to alarm and full preparation for a nonexistent large-scale Soviet attack.[5][78] NORAD notified National Security AdvisorZbigniew Brzezinski that the Soviet Union had launched 250 ballistic missiles with a trajectory for the United States, stating that a decision to retaliate would need to be made by the president within three to seven minutes. NORAD computers then placed the number of incoming missiles at 2,200.[90] Strategic Air Command was notified, and nuclear bombers prepared for takeoff. Within six to seven minutes of the initial response, PAVE PAWS satellite and radar systems were able to confirm that the attack was a false alarm.[5][6][91]

Congress quickly learned of the incident because Senator Charles H. Percy was present at the NORAD headquarters during the panic. A General Accounting Office investigation found that a training scenario was inadvertently loaded into an operational computer in the Cheyenne Mountain Complex.[5] Commenting on the incident, U.S. State Department adviser Marshall Shulman stated that "false alerts of this kind are not a rare occurrence. There is a complacency about handling them that disturbs me."[90]Soviet General SecretaryLeonid Brezhnev composed a letter to U.S. President Jimmy Carter that the false alarm was "fraught with a tremendous danger" and "I think you will agree with me that there should be no errors in such matters."[92] In the months following the incident, there were three more false alarms at NORAD, two of them caused by faulty computer chips.[78] One of them forced the National Emergency Airborne Command Post to taxi into position at Andrews Air Force Base.[92]

1980: U.S. false alarm from Soviet missile exercise

A Soviet submarine near the Kuril Islands launched four missiles as part of a training exercise. American early warning sensors determined one of the four to be aimed towards the United States. In response, the United States convened officials for a threat assessment conference, at which point it was determined to not be a threat and the situation was resolved.[78]

1980: Explosion at U.S. missile silo

An explosion in Arkansas ripped the doors off a silo and launched part of a nuclear missile out of the structure. The warhead landed 30m away, but safety features prevented either a detonation or release of radioactive material. The incident caused one death and 21 injuries, and sparked a congressional inquiry.[93]

1983: Soviet false alarm from weather (likely)

Several weeks after the downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 over Soviet airspace, a satellite early warning system near Moscow reported the launch of one American Minuteman ICBM. Soon after, it reported that five missiles had been launched. Convinced that a real American offensive would involve many more missiles, Lieutenant Colonel Stanislav Petrov of the Air Defense Forces refused to acknowledge the threat as legitimate and continued to convince his superiors that it was a false alarm until this could be confirmed by ground radar.[6][94][95][96][97][98][99]

1991: Tornado at U.S. strategic bomber airbase

On April 26, 1991, a large tornado touched down southwest of the city of Wichita, Kansas, heading towards the city of Andover. As the tornado approached Andover, it struck the McConnell Air Force Base, where it narrowly missed ten lined up Rockwell B-1 Lancers, two of them armed with nuclear warheads.[100][101][102]

1995: Russian false alarm from Norwegian research rocket

Russian PresidentBoris Yeltsin became the first world leader to activate the Russian nuclear briefcase after Russian radar systems detected the launch of what was later determined to be a Norwegian Black Brant XII research rocket being used to study the northern lights.[103] Russian ballistic missile submarines were put on alert in preparation for a possible retaliatory strike.[104] When it became clear the rocket did not pose a threat to Russia and was not part of a larger attack, the alarm was cancelled. Russia was, in fact, one of a number of countries earlier informed of the launch; however, the information had not reached the Russian radar operators.[78]

2007: Improper transport of U.S. nuclear weapons

On 29 August 2007, six nuclear-armed AGM-129 ACMcruise missiles were mistakenly loaded onto a United States Air Force (USAF) B-52Hheavy bomber at Minot Air Force Base in North Dakota and transported to Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana. The nuclear warheads in the missiles were supposed to have been removed before the missiles were taken from their storage bunker. The missiles with the nuclear warheads were not reported missing and remained mounted to the aircraft at both Minot and Barksdale for 36 hours. During this period, the warheads were not protected by the various mandatory security precautions for nuclear weapons, and the government was not aware of their location. The incident was the first of its kind in 40 years in the United States and was later described by the media as "one of the worst breaches in U.S. nuclear weapons security in decades".[105]

See also

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Further reading