Pearl Harbor is a 2001 American romanticwardrama film directed by Michael Bay, produced by Bay and Jerry Bruckheimer and written by Randall Wallace. Starring Ben Affleck, Josh Hartnett, Kate Beckinsale, Cuba Gooding Jr., Tom Sizemore, Jon Voight, Colm Feore, and Alec Baldwin.

The plot is primarily set in a fictional version of the attack on Pearl Harbor, and surrounds the love triangle among life-long best friends Rafe and Danny, and includes the lead up to the attack, its aftermath, and the Doolittle Raid.

The film was released on May 25, 2001, and was a box office success, grossing $59 million in its opening weekend and $449.2 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2001. However, critics gave it generally negative reviews for the acting, script, length and historical inaccuracies, but praised the visual effects, action sequences and musical score. The film's mixed critical response is reflected in both the Academy Awards and the Golden Raspberry Awards. It was nominated for four Oscars, winning in the category of Best Sound Editing, but was also nominated for six Golden Raspberry Awards, including Worst Picture.

Plot

In 1923, best friends Rafe McCawley and Danny Walker play together in the back of a biplane owned by Rafe's father in Tennessee, pretending to be combat airmen.

By 1941, Danny and Rafe are first lieutenants in the US Army Air Force under the command of Major Jimmy Doolittle. The United States has not yet entered in World War II so Rafe volunteers for the Eagle Squadron (an RAF unit for American volunteer pilots during the Battle of Britain). Nurse Evelyn Johnson signs off Rafe's medical exam despite his dyslexia, and they start up a relationship.

Four weeks later, Rafe and Evelyn, now deeply in love, enjoy an evening of dancing at a nightclub and later a jaunt in the New York Harbor in a borrowed police boat. Rafe shocks Evelyn by saying that he has joined the Eagle Squadron and is leaving the next day. During a mission to intercept a Luftwaffe bombing raid, Rafe is shot down over the English Channel and is presumed killed in action. Danny and Evelyn mourn Rafe's death together, which spurs a new romance between them.

On the night of December 6, Evelyn is shocked to discover Rafe standing outside her door, having survived his drowning and the ensuing months trapped in Nazi-occupied France. He, in turn, discovers Danny's romance with Evelyn and leaves for the Hula bar, where he is welcomed back by his overjoyed fellow pilots. Danny finds a drunken Rafe in the bar with the intention of reconciling, but they get into a fight. They drive away, avoiding being put in the brig when the military police arrive at the bar. The two fall asleep in Danny's car.

Next morning, on December 7, the Imperial Japanese Navyattacks Pearl Harbor. The US Pacific Fleet is severely damaged in the surprise attack, and most of the defending airfields are destroyed before they can launch fighters to defend the harbor. Rafe and Danny take off in P-40 fighter planes and shoot down several attacking Zeros. They later assist in the rescue of the crew of the capsized USS Oklahoma, but are too late to save the crew of the USS Arizona.

The next day, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivers his Day of Infamy Speech and requests the US Congress declare war on the Empire of Japan. Danny and Rafe are assigned to travel to the continental US with Doolittle. Before they leave, Evelyn reveals to Rafe she is pregnant with Danny's child. Evelyn reassures Rafe she loved him in the past and will love him her whole life, but says she is ready to give Danny her "whole heart" and have their family together.

Danny and Rafe receive promotions to captain and Silver Stars for their actions at Pearl Harbor, and they volunteer for a secret mission organized by Doolittle. They spend three months training with other pilots for ultra-short takeoffs with specially modified B-25 Mitchell bombers. In April, the group departs aboard USS Hornet and their mission to bomb Tokyo is revealed.

The mission is successful, but Rafe's and Danny's planes run out of fuel and crash in Japanese-occupied China. Danny is mortally wounded in a gunfight with Japanese soldiers before the group is rescued by Chinese troops. Rafe tearfully reveals to Danny, "you're going to be a father"; with his last breath, Danny replies, "No, you are."

Rafe and Evelyn marry after the war and visit Danny's grave with Evelyn's son, named Danny after his biological father. Rafe takes his family flying into the sunset in Rafe's father's old biplane.

Cast

Fictional characters

Historical characters

Although not intended to be an entirely accurate depiction of events, the film includes portrayals of several historical figures:

Production

A 1940 LaSalle taxi featured in Pearl Harbor

The proposed budget of $208 million that Michael Bay and Jerry Bruckheimer wanted was an area of contention with Walt Disney Studios executives, since a great deal of the budget was to be expended on production aspects. The budget was eventually reduced to $140 million.[2] Even at the reduced budget, Disney managed to get many of the crew and others to defer some of their pay until the film grossed in the region of $140 million. This included the director of photography, the editor, production designer and lighting director and their departments deferring around $5 to $10 million as well as Panavision, Technicolor and Industrial Light & Magic also agreeing to deferrals. Bay also deferred his salary but he and Bruckheimer were the only ones to receive profit participation.[4]

Ebenfalls umstritten war der Versuch, die Altersfreigabe des Films von R auf PG-13 zu ändern. Bay wollte ursprünglich die Schrecken des Krieges drastisch darstellen und war nicht daran interessiert, das fertige Produkt primär an ein jugendliches und junges Publikum zu vermarkten. Obwohl er einen Film mit R-Freigabe drehen wollte, räumte Bay ein, dass das Problem darin bestand, dass jüngere Kinder ihn nicht sehen könnten, und er war der Meinung, dass sie es sollten. Als Disney ihn anwies, einen PG-13-Film zu drehen, widersprach er daher nicht. Als Kompromiss durfte er später im Jahr 2002 einen Director’s Cut mit R-Freigabe auf DVD veröffentlichen . Budgetstreitigkeiten dauerten während der gesamten Planungsphase des Films an, und Bay verließ das Projekt mehrmals. Dick Cook , der damalige Vorsitzende von Disney, sagte: „Ich denke, Pearl Harbor war einer der schwierigsten Drehs der modernen Geschichte.“ [ 5 ]

Um die Atmosphäre des Pearl Harbor vor dem Krieg nachzubilden, drehten die Produzenten den Film auf Hawaii und nutzten dortige Marineeinrichtungen. Viele aktive Militärangehörige, die auf Hawaii stationiert waren, und Einheimische wirkten als Statisten mit. Für die benötigten Modellarbeiten wurde das Set am Rosarito Beach im mexikanischen Bundesstaat Baja California genutzt. Rosarito, das zuvor als Drehort für „Titanic“ (1997) gedient hatte, war der ideale Ort, um den Untergang der Schlachtschiffe beim Angriff auf Pearl Harbor nachzustellen. Ein maßstabsgetreues Modell des Bugs der USS  Oklahoma, montiert auf der größten kardanischen Aufhängung der Welt, ermöglichte ein authentisches Rollen und Untergehen des verhängnisvollen Schlachtschiffs. Produktionsingenieur Nigel Phelps erklärte, die Sequenz, in der das Schiff aus dem Wasser rollt und aufschlägt, sei eines der größten Set-Elemente gewesen. In Kombination mit computergenerierten Bildern musste die Action durchgehend präzise und genau sein. [ 6 ] Die Dreharbeiten sollten am 8. April 2000 beginnen und 85 Tage dauern. [ 4 ]

Michael Fassbender sprach für die Rolle des Rafe vor. Fassbender sagte später, Disney habe ihm eine „sehr nette Nachricht“ geschickt, in der ihm mitgeteilt wurde, dass er die Rolle nicht bekommen habe. [ 7 ] Charlize Theron lehnte die Rolle der Evelyn ab, um in „Sweet November“ mitspielen zu können . [ 8 ] Neve Campbell sprach vor und erhielt eine Rolle angeboten, musste diese aber aufgrund von Terminkonflikten ablehnen. [ 9 ]

The vessel most seen in the movie was USS Lexington, representing both USS Hornet and a Japanese carrier. All aircraft take-offs during the movie were filmed on board the Lexington, a museum ship in Corpus Christi, Texas. The aircraft on display were removed for filming and were replaced with film aircraft as well as World War II anti-aircraft turrets. Other ships used in filler scenes included USS Hornet,[10] and USS Constellation during filming for the carrier sequences. Filming was also done on board the museum battleship USS Texas located near Houston, Texas. The Naval Historical Center of the United States army was involved in the production of the film, the Center suggested changing the depiction of Doolittle who they considered to be written as "a boorish, oafish guy", this recommendation was accepted.[11]

Release

Marketing

The teaser trailer premiered in June 2000 in front of The Patriot's theatrical screenings.[12] Disney premiered the film at Pearl Harbor itself, aboard the active nuclear aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis, which made a six-day trip from San Diego to serve as "the world's largest and most expensive outdoor theater". More than 2,000 people attended the premiere on the Stennis, which had special grandstand seating and one of the world's largest movie screens assembled on the flight deck.[13] The guests included various Hawaii political leaders, most of the lead actors from the film, and over 500 news media from around the world that Disney flew in to cover the event. The party was estimated to have cost Disney $5 million.[14]

Box office

During its opening weekend, Pearl Harbor generated a total of $59 million, then made $75.1 million during its first four days.[15] At the time, it achieved the second-highest Memorial Day weekend gross, behind The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[16] The film also had the fourth-highest opening weekend, after the latter film, The Mummy Returns and Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace.[17] For 15 years, it would have the highest opening weekend for a Ben Affleck film until 2016 when Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice surpassed it.[18] When the film was released, it topped the box office, knocking out Shrek.[15] It earned $30 million during its second weekend while staying at the number one spot ahead of the latter film, Moulin Rouge!, What's the Worst That Could Happen? and The Animal.[19] This was the most recent film to top the box office for multiple weeks until that August when American Pie 2 became the next one to do so.[20] The film would then drop into third place behind Swordfish and Shrek, making $14.9 million and beating out fourth place newcomer Evolution.[21]

In Japan, the film opened on 424 screens and grossed $7.2 million in its opening weekend (including $1.6 million in previews), a record for Buena Vista International in Japan, and the sixth highest opening of all-time.[22] Meanwhile, Pearl Harbor generated a three-day gross of $4.5 million in the United Kingdom, becoming the country's fourth-highest June opening weekend, behind Batman & Robin, The Matrix and The Mummy.[23] It had a record opening in China, grossing $3.9 million in 6 days.[24] The film also made $2.5 million in Mexico, making it the fifth-highest opening for a live-action film in the country, trailing The Phantom Menace, The Mummy Returns, Mission: Impossible 2 and Godzilla.[25] Making $870,000, it was Argentina's second-highest opening of 2001, after Hannibal.[25]

Pearl Harbor grossed $198,542,554 at the US and Canadian box office and $250,678,391 overseas for a worldwide total of $449,220,945, making this the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2001.[2] It is also the third-highest-grossing romantic drama film of all time, as of January 2013, behind Titanic and Ghost.[26]

Home media

Pearl Harbor was released on VHS and DVD on December 4, 2001 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment (under the Touchstone Home Video label).[27][28] Both home video versions are THX certified, featuring a historical documentary and a music video, while also having the film split into two parts.[29] The VHS release has two separate cassettes and comes with widescreen and fullscreen versions.[29] As for the DVD release, it includes two separate discs that feature the first and second halves of the film, along with Dolby Headphone and DTS audio tracks.[29][30] In its first week, the film sold more than 7 million units and made more than $130 million in retail sales.[27]

Am 2. Juli 2002 veröffentlichte Buena Vista Home Entertainment den Film als R-Rated-DVD mit vier Discs (Director's Cut), die etwa eine Minute zusätzliches Filmmaterial enthielt. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Diese Veröffentlichung bietet außerdem drei Audiokommentare. [ 31 ] Der erste Kommentar stammt von Michael Bay und Jeanine Basinger und wurde 250 Stunden nach den Anschlägen vom 11. September aufgenommen . [ 33 ]

Bei den 5. jährlichen DVD Awards gewann Pearl Harbor die Kategorie „Beste Audiopräsentation“ und teilte sich den ersten Platz mit Star Wars: Episode I – Die dunkle Bedrohung . [ 34 ]

Rezeption

Kritische Reaktion

Auf Rotten Tomatoes hat Pearl Harbor eine Zustimmungsrate von 24 % basierend auf 194 Kritiken mit einer Durchschnittswertung von 4,5/10. Der Kritiker-Konsens der Seite lautet: „ Pearl Harbor versucht, der Titanic unter den Kriegsfilmen zu sein, ist aber nur eine langweilige Romanze mit lächerlich schlechten Dialogen. Die 40-minütige Actionsequenz ist allerdings spektakulär.“ [ 35 ] Auf Metacritic hat der Film basierend auf 35 Kritiken eine Punktzahl von 44 von 100, was auf „gemischte oder durchschnittliche Kritiken“ hindeutet. [ 36 ] Die von CinemaScore befragten Zuschauer gaben dem Film die Note „A−“ auf einer Skala von A bis F. [ 37 ]

Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film one and a half stars, writing: "Pearl Harbor is a two-hour movie squeezed into three hours, about how, on Dec. 7, 1941, the Japanese staged a surprise attack on an American love triangle. Its centerpiece is 40 minutes of redundant special effects, surrounded by a love story of stunning banality. The film has been directed without grace, vision, or originality, and although you may walk out quoting lines of dialogue, it will not be because you admire them." Ebert also criticized the liberties the film took with historical facts: "There is no sense of history, strategy or context; according to this movie, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor because America cut off its oil supply, and they were down to an 18-month reserve. Would going to war restore the fuel sources? Did they perhaps also have imperialist designs? Movie doesn't say."[38] In his later "Great Movies" essay on Lawrence of Arabia, Ebert likewise wrote, "What you realize watching Lawrence of Arabia is that the word 'epic' refers not to the cost or the elaborate production, but to the size of the ideas and vision. Werner Herzog's Aguirre, the Wrath of God didn't cost as much as the catering in Pearl Harbor, but it is an epic, and Pearl Harbor is not."[39] Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars and wrote, "Middlingly racist, humorless, and downright inept, Pearl Harbor is solely for fans of fireworks factories."[40]

A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote, "Nearly every line of the script drops from the actors' mouths with the leaden clank of exposition, timed with bad sitcom beats."[41] Mike Clark of USA Today gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, "Ships, planes and water combust and collide in Pearl Harbor, but nothing else does in one of the wimpiest wartime romances ever filmed."[42]

In his review for The Washington Post, Desson Howe wrote, "although this Walt Disney movie is based, inspired and even partially informed by a real event referred to as Pearl Harbor, the movie is actually based on the movies Top Gun, Titanic and Saving Private Ryan. Don't get confused."[43]Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine wrote, "Affleck, Hartnett and Beckinsale – a British actress without a single worthy line to wrap her credible American accent around – are attractive actors, but they can't animate this moldy romantic triangle."[44]Time magazine's Richard Schickel criticized the love triangle: "It requires a lot of patience for an audience to sit through the dithering. They're nice kids and all that, but they don't exactly claw madly at one another. It's as if they know that someday they're going to be part of "the Greatest Generation" and don't want to offend Tom Brokaw. Besides, megahistory and personal history never integrate here."[45] Robert W. Butler of The Kansas City Star wrote, "The dialogue is so unrelentingly banal as to make one reconsider whether James Cameron's writing on Titanic was really all that bad."[46]

Entertainment Weekly was more positive, giving the film a "B−" rating, and Owen Gleiberman praised the Pearl Harbor attack sequence: "Bay's staging is spectacular but also honorable in its scary, hurtling exactitude. ... There are startling point-of-view shots of torpedoes dropping into the water and speeding toward their targets, and though Bay visualizes it all with a minimum of graphic carnage, he invites us to register the terror of the men standing helplessly on deck, the horrifying split-second deliverance as bodies go flying and explosions reduce entire battleships to liquid walls of collapsing metal."[47]

In seiner Rezension für den New York Observer schrieb Andrew Sarris : „Hier liegt die Ironie meiner positiven Bewertung von Pearl Harbor : Am besten gefielen mir die Szenen vor und nach der digitalen Zerstörung von Pearl Harbor durch die japanischen Flugzeugträger.“ Er meinte außerdem: „ Pearl Harbor handelt weniger vom Zweiten Weltkrieg als vielmehr von Filmen über den Zweiten Weltkrieg. Und was ist daran falsch?“ [ 48 ]

Die Kritiker in Japan empfanden den Film positiver als in den meisten anderen Ländern. Einer verglich ihn mit „Vom Winde verweht“, nur im Zweiten Weltkrieg angesiedelt, und ein anderer beschrieb ihn als realistischer als „Tora! Tora! Tora! “. [ 22 ]

Im Jahr 2023 zählte der Rolling Stone Bays Regiearbeit an Pearl Harbor zu den fünfzig schlechtesten Entscheidungen der Filmgeschichte. Andy Greene beschrieb sie als einen weniger gelungenen Versuch, den Erfolg von Titanic und Bays vorherigem Film Armageddon zu wiederholen . [ 49 ]

Auszeichnungen

Der Film wurde für vier Oscars nominiert und gewann in der Kategorie „ Bester Tonschnitt“ . Er erhielt außerdem sechs Nominierungen für die Goldene Himbeere , darunter für den Schlechtesten Film . [ 50 ] Dies war das erste Mal, dass ein für den Schlechtesten Film nominierter Film einen Oscar gewann; es ist zudem der einzige Film von Regisseur Bay, der mit einem Oscar ausgezeichnet wurde.

Vergeben Kategorie Empfänger Ergebnis Ref.
Oscar-VerleihungBester Originalsong„ There You'll Be “ – Musik und Text von Diane WarrenNominiert [ 51 ]
Bester KlangKevin O'Connell , Greg P. Russell und Peter J. DevlinNominiert
Beste TonbearbeitungGeorge Watters II und Christopher BoyesWon
Beste visuelle EffekteEric Brevig , John Frazier , Ed Hirsh und Ben SnowNominiert
Auszeichnungen der American Society of CinematographersHerausragende Leistung in der Kameraführung bei KinofilmenJohn SchwartzmanNominiert [ 52 ]
ASCAP Film- und FernsehmusikpreiseDie erfolgreichsten Filme an den Kinokassen Hans ZimmerWon
Die meistgespielten Lieder aus Filmen „There You'll Be“ – Musik und Text von Diane Warren Won
Auszeichnungen Rennstrecke Community-Auszeichnungen Beste Filmmusik Hans Zimmer Nominiert
Beste visuelle Effekte Nominiert
Bogey Awards Nominiert
KritikerpreiseBester Song„There You'll Be“ – Musik und Text von Diane Warren Nominiert [ 53 ]
Cinema Audio Society AwardsHerausragende Leistung im Bereich Tonmischung für KinofilmeKevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell, and Peter J. Devlin Nominated [54]
DVD Exclusive AwardsBest Overall New Extra Features, New Release Michael Bay, Mark Palansky, David Prior, and Eric Young Nominated [55]
Best New, Enhanced or Reconstructed Movie Scenes Michael Bay Nominated
Original Retrospective Documentary, New Release Doug McCallie Nominated
Best Menu Design David Prior Nominated
Golden Globe AwardsBest Original Score – Motion PictureHans Zimmer Nominated [56]
Best Original Song – Motion Picture"There You'll Be" Music and Lyrics by Diane Warren Nominated
Golden Raspberry Awards (2001)Worst PictureNominated [57]
Worst DirectorMichael Bay Nominated
Worst ActorBen AffleckNominated
Worst ScreenplayRandall WallaceNominated
Worst Screen CoupleBen Affleck and either Kate Beckinsale or Josh HartnettNominated
Worst Remake or SequelNominated
Golden Raspberry Awards (2009)Worst Actor of the Decade Ben Affleck (also for Daredevil, Gigli, Jersey Girl, Paycheck, and Surviving Christmas)Nominated [58]
Golden Reel AwardsBest Sound Editing – Dialogue & ADR, Domestic Feature FilmGeorge Watters II, Christopher T. Welch, Teri E. Dorman, Julie Feiner, Cindy Marty, Michelle Pazer, David A. Arnold, Marshall Winn, Ulrika Akander, and Allen Hartz Nominated [59]
Best Sound Editing – Sound Effects & Foley, Domestic Feature FilmChristopher Boyes, George Watters II, Victoria Martin, Ethan Van der Ryn, Beau Borders, Scott Guitteau, Suhail Kafity, Adam Kopald, F. Hudson Miller, R.J. Palmer, Christopher Scarabosio, Robert L. Sephton, Matthew Harrison, James Likowski, and Gary Wright Nominated
Golden Rooster AwardsBest Translated Film Won
Golden Schmoes AwardsWorst Movie of the Year Nominated [60]
Best Special Effects of the Year Nominated
Biggest Disappointment of the Year Nominated
Best Trailer of the Year Nominated
Best Action Sequence of the Year "Attack on Pearl Harbor" Nominated
Most Memorable Scene in a Movie Nominated
Golden Screen AwardsWon
Golden Trailer AwardsBest Action Nominated
GoldSpirit AwardsBest Soundtrack Hans Zimmer Nominated
Best Drama Soundtrack Won
Grammy AwardsBest Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media"There You'll Be" – Diane Warren Nominated [61]
Harry Awards Nominated
Huabiao AwardsOutstanding Translated Foreign Film Won
MTV Asia AwardsFavorite Movie Nominated
MTV Movie AwardsBest Male PerformanceJosh Hartnett Nominated [62]
Best Female PerformanceKate Beckinsale Nominated
Best Action Sequence" Die Angriffsszene " Won
Online Film & Television Association Awards Bester Originalsong „There You'll Be“ – Musik und Text von Diane Warren Nominiert [ 63 ]
Bester Klang Nominiert
Beste Tonbearbeitung Nominiert
Beste visuelle Effekte Nominiert
Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Beste visuelle Effekte Eric Brevig, John Frazier, Ed Hirsh und Ben Snow Nominiert [ 64 ]
SatellitenpreiseBeste KameraführungJohn Schwartzman Nominiert [ 65 ]
Bester Originalsong„There You'll Be“ – Musik und Text von Diane Warren Nominiert
Beste visuelle EffekteEric Brevig Nominiert
Stinkers Bad Movie AwardsSchlechtestes Bild Nominiert [ 66 ]
Schlechtester Orientierungssinn Michael Bay Nominiert
Schlechtestes Drehbuch für einen Film, der weltweit mehr als 100 Millionen Dollar einspielte – berechnet nach Hollywood-Mathematik Randall Wallace Won
Teen Choice AwardsChoice Movie – Drama/Action-AbenteuerWon [ 67 ]
Wahl zum Filmschauspieler Ben Affleck Won
Josh Hartnett Nominiert
Chemie im Film Ben Affleck und Kate Beckinsale Nominiert
World Soundtrack AwardsSoundtrackkomponist des JahresHans Zimmer (auch für An Everlasting Piece , Hannibal und The Pledge )Nominiert [ 68 ]
World Stunt AwardsBeste Luftaufnahmen Gene Armstrong, Will Bonafas, James Gavin, John Hinton, Steve Hinton, Gary Hudson, Kevin La Rosa, John Maloney, Bill Powers, Alan Preston, Allan Purwyn, James Ryan und John Storrie Nominiert [ 69 ]
Beste Stuntkoordination – Spielfilm Kenny Bates Nominiert
Beste Stuntkoordination – Sequenz Kenny Bates, Andy Gill und Steve Picerni Won
Yoga-Auszeichnungen Schlechtester ausländischer Schauspieler Ben Affleck Won

Historische Genauigkeit

Wie viele historische Dramen löste auch „Pearl Harbor“ Debatten über die künstlerische Freiheit aus, die sich Produzenten und Regisseur erlaubten. Der National Geographic Channel produzierte die Dokumentation „Beyond the Movie: Pearl Harbor“, die detailliert darlegte , inwiefern die Endfassung des Films nicht alle Fakten der Angriffe widerspiegelte oder sie nicht vollständig korrekt darstellte. [ 70 ] Der Film landete auf Platz drei der Liste „10 der ungenauesten Militärfilme aller Zeiten“ von Careeraftermilitary.com. Diese Liste enthielt außerdem Filme wie „ Der Patriot “ , „Tödliches Kommando – The Hurt Locker“ , „U-571“ , „Die grünen Teufel“ , „ Windtalkers“ , „Die Ardennenoffensive “ , „Red Tails“ , „ Duell – Enemy at the Gates“ und „ Flyboys“ . [ 71 ]

Viele Überlebende von Pearl Harbor wiesen den Film als grob ungenau und typisch Hollywood zurück. In einem Interview mit Frank Wetta wurde Produzent Jerry Bruckheimer mit den Worten zitiert: „Wir haben versucht, akkurat zu sein, aber es soll sicherlich keine Geschichtsstunde sein.“ [ 72 ] Der Historiker Lawrence Suid geht in seiner Rezension besonders detailliert auf die gravierenden faktischen Fehlinterpretationen des Films und deren negative Auswirkungen selbst auf einen Unterhaltungsfilm ein. Er merkt an: „Schon der Titel des Films suggeriert, dass das Publikum ein historisches Ereignis in akkurater Darstellung erleben wird.“ [ 73 ]

Die Luftschlacht um England war bereits im Oktober 1940 beendet, während sie im Film Anfang 1941 mit Luftkämpfen über dem Ärmelkanal noch andauert. [ 74 ]

Kritiker bemängelten die Verwendung fiktiver Figuren anstelle realer Personen und erklärten, Pearl Harbor sei ein „Missbrauch künstlerischer Freiheit “. [ 75 ] Die Rollen der beiden männlichen Hauptdarsteller in der Angriffssequenz ähneln den historischen Taten der Leutnants George Welch und Kenneth M. Taylor der US Army Air Forces , die während des japanischen Angriffs in P-40 Warhawk- Flugzeugen flogen und gemeinsam sechs japanische Flugzeuge sowie einige weitere wahrscheinliche Abschüsse erzielten. Taylor nannte den Film „einen Schundfilm … übertrieben reißerisch und verzerrt“. [ 76 ] [ 77 ]

Die Szene nach dem Angriff auf Pearl Harbor, in der Präsident Roosevelt einen sofortigen Vergeltungsschlag auf japanischem Boden fordert, hat sich so nicht zugetragen. Admiral Chester Nimitz und General George Marshall leugnen im Film die Möglichkeit eines Luftangriffs auf Japan, doch in Wirklichkeit befürworteten sie einen solchen Angriff. Eine weitere Ungereimtheit dieser Szene ist, dass Präsident Roosevelt (der zu diesem Zeitpunkt aufgrund seiner Krankheit, dem Guillain-Barré-Syndrom bzw. Kinderlähmung , im Rollstuhl saß ) aufstehen kann, um das Misstrauen seiner Mitarbeiter gegenüber einem Angriff auf Japan infrage zu stellen, der so nie stattgefunden hat. [ 78 ]

The portrayal of the planning of the Doolittle Raid, the air raid itself, and the raid's aftermath, is considered one of the most historically inaccurate portions of the film. In the film, Jimmy Doolittle and the rest of the Doolittle raiders had to launch from USS Hornet 624 miles off the Japanese coast and after being spotted by a few Japanese patrol boats. In actuality, the Doolittle raiders had to launch 650 miles off the Japanese coast and after being spotted by only one Japanese patrol boat. The film shows all the bombers arriving in formation over Japan, omitting the fact that at least one bomber jettisoned its bombs over the ocean due to mechanical problems and thus did not participate in the raid. It actually took one hour to launch the 16 planes, each setting out on its own course, and at no time did the planes fly together.[73] In the film, all sixteen raiders are depicted as converging on Tokyo and obliterating an entire industrial area. In reality, the bombers attacked in isolated groups of no more than three apiece, and their targets were spread out across the Tokyo metropolitan area along with three other cities - Nagoya, Osaka, and Kobe. Prior to the raid, a chalkboard containing plans for the raid does accurately reflect other destination cities, but this is mostly obscured from view and never discussed in the dialogue.[79][80] The firefight with Japanese soldiers after the raiders crash-land in China is entirely fictionalized, whereas the actual smuggling of the pilots back to the United States was omitted.[73]

Soundtrack

The soundtrack to Pearl Harbor on Hollywood Records was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score (Moulin Rouge! won).[81] The original score was composed by Hans Zimmer. The song "There You'll Be" was nominated for the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.

See also

  • Sangam, an earlier 1964 Indian film with a strikingly similar storyline, but with only one friend being a pilot in Sangam, whereas both are pilots in Pearl Harbor.[82][83]
  • Tora! Tora! Tora!, 1970 film about the Pearl Harbor attack.
  • The Chinese Widow, 2017 film about the story described in later half of movie Pearl Harbor in another viewpoint.

References

  1. ^"PEARL HARBOR (12)". British Board of Film Classification. May 17, 2001. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  2. ^ abcd"Pearl Harbor (2001)". Box Office Mojo. 2009. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
  3. ^Cagle, Jess (May 27, 2001). "Pearl Harbor's Top Gun". Time. Archived from the original on April 11, 2005. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  4. ^ abLyons, Charles (March 20, 2000). "Blockbuster or ball-buster?". Variety. p. 1.
  5. ^Fennessey, Sean (June 27, 2011). "An Oral History of Michael Bay, the Most Explosive Director of All Time". GQ. Retrieved September 24, 2018.
  6. ^Sunshine and Felix 2001, p. 135.
  7. ^"Michael Fassbender's GQ Cover Story - November 2013". October 15, 2013.
  8. ^Linder, Brian (February 11, 2000). "Theron Turns Down Pearl Harbor". IGN. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
  9. ^Neve Campbell Scream 7 interview with Jeff Thurm clip
  10. ^Heines, vienne. "Bringing 'Pearl Harbor' to Corpus Christi."Military.com. Retrieved: January 10, 2014.
  11. ^Flynn, Gillian (July 16, 2001). "Fact VS. Fiction". Time. Archived from the original on July 13, 2024. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
  12. ^Head, Steve (June 26, 2000). "Pearl Harbor Preview on Access Hollywood". IGN. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  13. ^Dao, James (May 22, 2001). "Carrier Turns Theater for Premiere of 'Pearl Harbor'". The New York Times. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
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